Apex: Get sObject details using ID

Id id = 'a0M7F000000qXgg';
Schema.sObjectType objType = id.getSObjectType();
Schema.DescribeSObjectResult objDescribe = objType.getDescribe();

System.debug(objDescribe.getName());

Similarly, you can get other sObject details using the methods described in the link below:
https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.apexcode.meta/apexcode/apex_methods_system_sobject_describe.htm